1:10 dispensation. For a discussion on “dispensation,” see note on Ephesians 3:2.

1:10 he. Here, “He” refers to the Father, as also in Ephesians 1:6. The Father’s work of predestination is expounded in Ephesians 1:1-6, the Son’s work of redemption in Ephesians 1:7-12, and the Spirit’s work of sealing in Ephesians 1:13-14. This passage (Ephesians 1:3-14) is said to be the longest sentence in the Bible.

1:10 in Christ. Christ is both Creator and Consummator of all things (Colossians 1:16-20).